All You Need To Know About Electrical Power Distribution System


Other forms of energy such as mechanical energy are tough to transmit and distribute when compared to Electrical power. It is even difficult to imagine the transmission of mechanical energy to just 20 feet of distance. It is much easier to use wires instead of belts, chains or shafts for electrical power. The setup of an electrical distribution panel can be done effortlessly.


Every individual is aware of how electrical energy is generated in generating stations and how it is transmitted over long distances through transmission networks. Below is the procedure taking place behind the electrical power distribution to the customers.

  • Power Distribution System

The location of the substation is always around or inside the city/town/industrial area. Power is received from a transmission network. A step-down transformer is used to step down the high voltage from the transmission line. Usually, the primary distribution voltage is set around 11 kV but can range between 2.4 kV to 33kV depending upon region. 

Typical Power Distribution System consists of:-

  1. Distribution substation
  2. Feeders
  3. Distribution Transformers
  4. Distributor conductors
  5. Service mains conductors

Along with these, a distribution system also consists of protection equipment, switches, measurement equipment. 

  • Distribution Feeders

Via Feeder conductors, the stepped down voltage from the substation is carried to distribution transformers. In order to make the current same throughout, no tappings are taken from the feeders. Current carrying capacity of conductors is the main consideration in designing.

  • Distribution Transformer


It is also known as service transformer and provides final transformation in the electric power distribution system. It is a step down 3-phase transformer. The voltage is stepped down to 400Y/230 volts. Here it means, a voltage between any one phase and the neutral is 230 volts and phase to phase voltage is 400 volts. 

  • Distributors

Distributor conductor carries the output from a distribution transformer. For a power supply to the end consumers, tappings are taken from a distributor conductor. As tappings are taken at various places throughout its length, the current through a distributor is not constant. Thus, the voltage drop along the length is the main consideration while designing a distributor conductor.

  • Primary Distribution

Those part of the AC distribution system which operates at somewhat higher voltage than general residential consumer utilization. Most common voltages used in most countries are 11kV, 6.6 kV and 3.3 kV. Large consumers such as factories and industries are handled by Primary distribution. From where the secondary distribution is carried out, it also feeds small substation. It is carried out by the 3-wire system and 3-phase system.

  • Secondary Distribution

Residential end consumers are directly benefited from this part. Single phase supply at 230 volts is provided to domestic consumers. For big properties, commercial buildings, small factories etc are also provided by three-phase supply i.e 400 volts. 3-phase and 4-wire system are carried out in Secondary transmission. The electrical power distribution system follows the primary and secondary distribution.

Classification Of Power Distribution System

According to Nature of Current:

  • DC distribution system
  • AC distribution system

According to the type of construction:

  • Overhead distribution system
  • Underground distribution system

On the basis of the scheme of connection:

  • Radial distribution system
  • Ring main distribution system
  • Interconnected distribution system

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